NOAA Ramps up Use of Drones to Collect Seafloor and Weather Data

[This autonomous surface vessel created by Saildrone, carrying specially designed sensors, is pictured leaving Alameda, California, in mid-May 2020, headed for the Bering Sea. NOAA will use it and two similar unmanned surface vessels to conduct a survey of walleye pollock, our nation’s largest fishery, and collect weather and ocean data that will be transmitted to the Global Telecommunications System to assist with Arctic weather forecasts. Courtesy of Saildrone from NOAA.] [Written by NOAA]  Three shiny, orange-red autonomous surface vessels set out on the water from Alameda, California, in May bound for the Bering Sea where they will survey the nation’s largest fish stock and monitor changing weather and ocean conditions in the Arctic.

The surface vessels are part of an armada of autonomous (unmanned) ocean vehicles NOAA is deploying this summer in the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans to provide high-quality environmental data for resource management and weather forecasting.

“We are accelerating the use of unmanned systems during COVID-19 to meet critical mission needs at a time when some of our ship and aircraft missions have been postponed for safety reasons,” said retired Rear Adm. Tim Gallaudet, assistant secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and deputy NOAA administrator. “The innovative systems will provide valuable information for communities at a time when it may be difficult to do so by other means.”

The missions support NOAA’s Unmanned Systems Strategy to advance the use of unmanned systems, which was announced last November at the White House Science & Technology Summit.

[A NOAA ocean glider, seen in waters off the coast of Puerto Rico in July 2018. These robotic, unmanned gliders are equipped with sensors to measure the salt content (salinity) and temperature as they move through the ocean at different depths. The gliders, which can operate in hurricane conditions, collect data during dives down to a half mile below the sea surface, and transmit the data to satellites when they surface. From NOAA.]

Assessing the nation’s largest fishery

In the Bering Sea, the autonomous wind and solar-powered surface vessels will conduct an emergency survey of walleye pollock, our nation’s largest and one of our most valuable domestic fisheries. The surface vessels are expected to provide some key information in time to be used by resource managers to establish fishing levels for the 2021 fishing year.

Equipped with specially designed acoustic sensors, the unmanned vehicles will measure the abundance of pollock. They will also provide information on ocean conditions that affect the pollock population.

Tracking Arctic and Atlantic weather

The same three unmanned surface vessels will also be equipped with sensors to measure wind, solar radiation, salinity and sea surface temperature in the upper ocean, which will be transmitted to the World Meteorological Global Telecommunications System (GTS) for use by NOAA and other global weather models to predict storms in the Arctic.

In the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, NOAA, IOOS, the U.S. Navy, university and industry partners will deploy for the third year approximately 30 underwater ocean gliders in areas where hurricanes usually travel, to measure ocean temperature and salinity throughout the hurricane season. The data, which help scientists to identify regions where hurricanes may intensify or weaken, will also be transmitted by satellite to the GTS for use in NOAA and global hurricane forecast models. The data are used primarily by researchers to make improvements to forecast models.

This project will also help meet the objectives of the Commercial Engagement Through Ocean Technology Act of 2018, which requires NOAA to coordinate research, assessment,and acquisition of unmanned maritime systems with the U.S. Navy, other federal agencies, industry and academia.

[Glide plan: Orange lines show the proposed paths for the unmanned gliders to travel this summer, where they will record temperature and salinity data from the surface to a half mile below. Once launched, gliders will make regular dives along a set course and surface several times a day to send collected data to an available satellite. Warm water has the potential to strengthen storms while cool waters may weaken them, so knowing if a storm will pass over only warm water or areas where cold water may be stirred up from below helps scientists and forecasters predict whether a storm will intensify or weaken as it travels. From NOAA.]

Mapping Alaska’s North Slope

NOAA will also deploy four unmanned surface vessels in the Arctic Ocean equipped with acoustic sensors to map a portion of the seafloor of the Arctic North Slope. This mapping mission will test NOAA’s ability to use the technology to do a more extensive map of the U.S. Arctic seafloor. The project supports the recent Presidential Memorandum on Ocean Mapping in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone and Shoreline and Near Shore of Alaska.

Edited for WeatherNation by Mace Michaels