The most destructive fire in Colorado's history occurred on December 30th, 2021, destroying over 1,000 homes. The Marshall Fire tore through the towns of Superior and Louisville with intense speed driven by extreme winds created by a mountain wave. [embed]https://twitter.com/WeatherNation/status/1476991552648060941[/embed] The National Weather Service in Boulder created this page, with detailed descriptions of the meteorological conditions that led to gusts reaching over 100 mph. Much of the following below has been copied from that page, with a few minor altercations.

Environment

"High winds developed in the mid morning hours on Thursday, December 30th, 2021, the result of a mountain wave that developed as very strong westerly winds raced over the Front Range Mountains and Foothills and crashed down onto the plains.  The mountain wave remained nearly unchanged through the rest of the day, resulting in very persistent and extremely high winds. Mountain waves are usually focused very close to the base of the foothills and adjacent plains. On this day, sustained winds of 50 to 60 mph with gusts of 80 to 100 mph were felt along Highway 93 and points east to around Superior and at times, Louisville.  It takes just the right combination of meteorological parameters, including stability, wind shear, and wind magnitude to create a powerful and damaging windstorm like this one.  To further visualize what a mountain wave would look like, see the image below.

The schematic below represents the strong westerly winds moving down the mountain slope (in this case the Front Range Mountains and Foothills) and accelerating all the way to the base of the foothills.  From there, they spread east into the Superior and Louisville area, before suddenly weakening to the east (call the jump region).  It was interesting to note in this case, that easterly winds were observed at times immediately to the east of the "jump" area around Broomfield and Lafayette. This can also be referred to as a rotor."

The video below from Chris Holder, shows the jump region discussed above, perfectly illustrated by the rising smoke. https://twitter.com/chrislholder/status/1476639063981580289

The Fire

"The fire started shortly after 11 am and raced quickly eastward, fed by the mountain wave induced wind gusts of 80 to 100 mph and extremely dry grasses. The downslope portion of the wind storm held the strongest winds and smoke very near the surface. Smoke then rose vertically in the hydraulic jump region of the mountain wave, indicated by the a linear and nearly stationary cap of clouds. This region of rising smoke also roughly indicates the eastward extent of the very strong west winds." [embed]https://twitter.com/Boldmethod/status/1476699127417163778[/embed] "Time lapse video in Figure 8 (replace with images above) helps to visualize the flow in the mountain wave, with strong winds crashing to the ground from Highway 93 east toward the Davidson Mesa and Superior, before then flowing upward in vertical in the "jump" area seen in the schematic in the previous section. This view gives us a mirror-like image to the mountain wave schematic, since we're now looking south toward the wave rather than north as in the conceptual diagram." https://twitter.com/MikeNelson247/status/1476717616198684672 "By early afternoon, the mountain wave was fully established and clearly visible in the smoke and cloud structure. Time lapse imagery in the video above, taken from the southwest side of the Denver metro area was shared by Mike Nelson and Mario Gori, showing the fluidity of the mountain wave.  Note the reflection shown in the strongest first wave, and then the subsequent second and even third wave on the far right of the imagery. Smoke is clearly visible as gray, while clouds are also shown on the crest of the wave where upward vertical motion was maximized above the "jump" area."

Radar Data

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epK2a61vtuw&t=5s The smoke plume from the fire is clear in the radar imagery scanned from the Denver International Airport. While the fire was most intense, reflectivity values in the yellow shade are apparent, indicating the highest cloud tops created by the smoke plume and the mountain wave. For more information, please visit the original page with this detailed breakdown of the dynamics of this terrible fire.